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Provenance
4th Cataract
Abd el-Qadir
Abdallah-n Irqi
Abkanarti
Abkur
Abu Haraz
Abu Oda
Adindan
Akasha-West
Aksha
Amada
Amantogo
Amara
Aniba
Argin
Arminna
Arminna West
Ashkeit area
Ashkeit area, Bintibirra hill
Askut
Aswan
Attiri
Bakhit
Banganarti
Bauga
Begrawiya
Biga
Boni Island
Dakka (Pselchis)
Dar el-Arab
Debeiba
Debeira West
Debod
Dendur
Derr
Diffinarti
Dongola
Edfu
el-Arak
el-Doma
el-Donga
el-Fereikha
el-Ganaet(i)
el-Khandaq
el-Koro
el-Ramal
el-Usheir
el-Zuma
Fagirinfenti
Faras
Faras (Colasucia)
Figirantawu (Gendal Irqi)
Ganetti
Gebaliya Island
Gebel Abu Negila
Gebel Adda
Gebel Audun
Gebel Barkal
Gebel Ghaddar
Gebel Gorgod
Gebel Noh/Kajbar
Geteina
Gezira Dabarosa
Ghazali
Ginari
Gindinarri
Goshabi
Goz Regeb
Hag Magid
Hamadab
Hambukol
Hannek
Hindawi
Ikhmindi
Kalabsha
Kalabsha (Beit el-Wali)
Karanog
Karmel
Kasanarti
Kasanarti Island
Kasingar
Kenisa
Kertassi
Khalewa
Khor Dam el-Tor
Kirbekan
Kolotod
Komangana
Kor
Korosko East
Koya
Kudi
Kulb
Kulme island
Kulubnarti
Masida (Miseeda)
Masmas, Khor Kokmar
Masmas, Nag’ Sawesra
Meili Island
Meinarti
Meroe
Merowi East
Meshantawwo / Ukma-West
Missiminia
Mograt Island
Musawwarat el-Sofra
Mushu (Mesho)
Nag’ el-Arab
Nag’ el-Oqba
Nag’ el-Sheikh Sharaf
Nag’ el-Sheima
Nag’ Marsa Kuleig = Nag’ el-Gama
Nauri
Nawi
Nilwatti Island
not Nubian
Nuri
Ofedunia (Maharraqa)
Qasr Ibrim
Qasr Ibrim – Faras region
Qasr Ibrim, Gebel Maktub
Qasr Iko
Qasr Wadi Nimri
Qasr el-Wizz
Qasr’antawu (Gemai-West)
Qena
Qustul
Sabagura
Sagiet el-Abd
Sahaba
Sai
Sakinya
Sedeinga
Selib
Semna
Serra
Serra-East
Serra-West
Sheikh Arab Hag
Sheikh Daud
Sheikh Gebel
Sheima Amalika
Shirgondinarti Island
Sinesra
Soba
Sonqi Tino
Suegi-East
Sunnarti
Sur Island
Tafa
Tafa / Bab Kalabsha
Tafa – Kalabsha region
Tamit
Tangasi Island
Teiti
Tokor
Tondi
Toshkei
Tunkid
Turkab
Ukma
Ukma-East
Ukma-West
Umm Qatatia
Umm Ruweim
Umm Usher Island
unknown
Us Island
Wadi Halfa
Wadi el-Natrun
Wadi el-Sebua
Kingdom/region
Alwa
Butana
Egypt
Kordofan
Makuria
Nobadia
unknown
Present location
Abd el-Qadir, in situ
Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin
Ägyptisches Museum/Papyrussammlung, Berlin
Ägyptisches Museum der Universität Leipzig
Ali Dinar Museum, el-Fashir
Alexandria
Archaeological Museum, Cracow
Archiginnasio Antico, Bologna
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Aswan, Deir Anba Hadra, in situ
Banganarti
Banganarti, in situ
Berlin
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
Birmingham City Museum
Bode Museum, Berlin
Bonn, private collection
Boston
British Museum, London
Budapest
Cairo
Cambridge
Collection Amherst, Norfolk
Collection Birmont, Paris
Collection Hoffmann, Paris
Collection Michaelides, Cairo
Collection Yule, Alexandria
Coptic Museum, Cairo
Deir el-Surian, Egypt
Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin
Dongola, in situ
Dongola, storeroom of the Polish mission
Durham
École française, Athens
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Egyptology Department, University of Liverpool
el-Koro, left on site
el-Zuma, in situ
Elephantine Museum
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
Fowler Museum, Los Angeles
Gebel Abu Negila, in situ
Gebel Audun, in situ
Gebel Barkal Museum, Karima
Gebel Noh/Kajbar, in situ
Ghazali, in situ
Graeco-Roman Museum, Alexandria
Gulbenkian Collection, Durham
Hannek, in situ
Hermitage Museum, St Peresburg
High School of Fine Arts, Khartoum
Institut français d’archéologie orientale, Cairo
Institute of Arts, Detroit
Istituto Papirologico “G. Vitelli”, Florence
Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum, Berlin
Karmel, left on site
Kenisa, in situ
Kerma Museum
Khartoum
Kingston Lacy Estate, Dorset
Kom Ombo
Kulme island, in situ
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Macquarie University, Sydney
Masida (Miseeda), in situ
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Meroe, in situ
Musawwarat el-Sofra, in situ
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Museo Arqueólogico Nacional, Madrid
Museo del Vicino Oriente e Mediterraneo, Rome
Museo Egizio, Turin
Museum at el-Damer
Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography, Cambridge
Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo
Museum of Natural History, La Plata (Argentina)
Museum of the Oriental Institute, Chicago
Museum of University La Sapienza, Rome
Museum of Wadi Halfa
Náprstek Museum, Prague
National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, Cairo
National Museum, Warsaw
not preserved
Nubia Museum, Aswan
Nuri, left on site
Nyala Museum
Oriental Institute, Chicago
Oxford
Papyrussammlung der österreichischen Bibliothek, Vienna
Petrie Museum, University
College London
Qasr Ibrim, in situ
Qasr Ibrim, left on site
Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
Rupprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg
Sai, left on site
Sai, storeroom of the French mission
Schloss Banz, Staffelstein
Selib, in situ
Sheikhan Museum, el-Obeid
Shirgondinarti Island, in situ
Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin
Soba, in situ
Sonqi Tino, left on site
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Tunkid, in situ
University Library, Schriftmuseum J.A. Dortmond, Amsterdam
University Museum, Manchester
University of Ghana
University of Kentucky Museum of Anthropology
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
unknown
Uppsala
Vatican Museum, Rome
Wadi el-Sebua, in situ
Medium
architectural element
brick
coin weight
cross
figurine
icon
jewellery
lamp
manuscript
manuscript: codex
manuscript: leaf
metal object
mudstopper
ostracon
other
pottery
rock
sepulchral cross
stamp
stela
stone block
tablet
textile
unidentified
wall
Material
bronze
ceramic
clay
copper
cotton
flax
glass
granite
iron
lead
leather
limestone
linen
marble
metal
mud
paper
papyrus
parchment
plaster
sandstone
silver
stone
terracotta
unidentified
wood
Technique
casting
impressed
incised
incised & painted
incised & painted (inscription)
incised (graffito)
incised (inscription)
incised before firing
incised before firing & painted
incised or painted
incised or painted (graffito or dipinto)
painted
painted (dipinto)
relief
relief & incised & painted
repoussé
unidentified
Type of text
acclamation
alphabet
catalogue
colophon
commemorative inscription
date
dedicatory inscription
document
document: economic
document: legal
document: letter
document: list
document: official
epitaph
foundation inscription
invocation
legend
literary
literary: apocryphal
literary: biblical
literary: hagiographic
literary: homiletic
literary: patristic
liturgical
liturgical: hymn
liturgical: lectionary
liturgical: prayer
name
name of divine entity/saint
official inscription
other
owner's inscription
private prayer
school exercise
subliterary
subliterary: catalogue of names
subliterary: horoscope
subliterary: magical
tag
unidentified
visitor's inscription
Language
Arabic
Coptic
Coptic or Greek
Coptic or Old Nubian
Greek
Greek/Coptic
Greek/Coptic/Old Nubian
Greek/Old Nubian
Old Nubian
Old Nubian & Arabic
Old Nubian/Coptic
Provençal
Syriac
unidentified
Chronological systems
Alexandrian cycle of 532 years
day of the week
Egyptian calendar
Era of Diocletian
Era of the Incarnation
Era of the Martyrs
Era of the Saracens
Era of the World Creation
indiction
indiction (Constantinopolitan)
indiction (Egyptian)
Islamic calendar
liturgical calendar
lunar calendar
king's occurrence
regnal years
IM References
Identity markers
Name
Function
Title of address
Epithet
Family relation
Origin
Occupation
Social status
IM variants
Name
foreign (?) (Arabic?), male (?)
foreign (?) (Arabic?), non-religious
foreign (?) (Blemmyan/Beja?), non-religious (?)
foreign (?) (Blemmyan/Beja?), unknown character
foreign (?) (Egyptian?), female, unknown character
foreign (?) (Egyptian?), male (?), non-religious
foreign (?) (Egyptian?), non-religious (?)
foreign (?) (Egyptian?), unknown character
foreign (?) (Greek?), Christian (?)
foreign (?) (Greek?), female, unknown character
foreign (?) (Greek?), male, unknown character
foreign (?) (Greek?), non-religious
foreign (?) (Greek?), unknown character
foreign (?) (Hebrew?), male (?), Christian (?)
foreign (?) (Latin?), male (?), unknown character
foreign (?) (Semitic?), Christian
foreign (?) (Semitic?), Christian (?)
foreign (?) (Semitic?), female (?), unknown character
foreign (?) (Semitic?), male (?), unknown character
foreign (?) (Semitic?), unknown character
foreign (?) (non-Nubian?), male (?), unknown character
foreign (?) (non-Nubian?), unknown character
foreign (Arabic or Blemmyan/Beja), female, unknown character
foreign (Arabic) male kunya, Islamic
foreign (Arabic) unisex, Muslim (?)
foreign (Arabic), female kunya, non-religious
foreign (Arabic), female, Muslim
foreign (Arabic), female, non-religious
foreign (Arabic), female, non-religious, indicates filiation
foreign (Arabic), female, unknown character
foreign (Arabic), male kunya, non-religious
foreign (Arabic), male, Muslim
foreign (Arabic), male, Muslim, indicates filiation
foreign (Arabic), male, non-religious character
foreign (Arabic), male, religious character
foreign (Arabic), male, unknown character
foreign (Arabic), non-religious
foreign (Arabic), unisex, non-religious
foreign (Arabic/Beja), male, non-religious, indicates filiation and ethnos
foreign (Arabicised Hebrew), male, Muslim (?)
foreign (Aramaic), female, Christian
foreign (Aramaic), male, Biblical
foreign (Aramaic), male, Christian
foreign (Aramaic), uncertain character
foreign (Blemmyan/Beja), male (?),non-religious, indicates filiation
foreign (Blemmyan/Beja), non-religious
foreign (Blemmyan/Beja?), non-religious
foreign (Egyptian), female, Christian (?)
foreign (Egyptian), male, Christian
foreign (Egyptian), male, non-religious
foreign (Egyptian?), female, unknown character
foreign (Greco-Egyptian), female, Christian
foreign (Greco-Egyptian), male, Christian
foreign (Greco-Latin), male, Christian
foreign (Greco-Semitic), female, Christian
foreign (Greco-Semitic), male, Christian
foreign (Greek), Christian
foreign (Greek), female, Christian
foreign (Greek), female, non-religious
foreign (Greek), male, Christian
foreign (Greek), male, Christian (?)
foreign (Greek), male, non-religious
foreign (Greek), male, unknown character
foreign (Greek), unisex, Christian
foreign (Greek), unisex, non-religious
foreign (Greek), unknown character
foreign (Hebrew), female, Biblical
foreign (Hebrew), female, Christian
foreign (Hebrew), male, Biblical
foreign (Hebrew), male, Christian
foreign (Hebrew), unisex, Christian
foreign (Latin), female, Christian
foreign (Latin), female, non-religious
foreign (Latin), male, Christian
foreign (Latin), male, non-religious
foreign (Latin), male, unknown character
foreign (Persian), male, Christian
foreign (Semitic), Christian
foreign (Semitic), female, Christian (?)
foreign (Semitic?), unknown character
foreign (Semito-Egyptian), female, Christian
foreign (Semito-Egyptian), male, Christian
foreign (non-Nubian), unknown character
foreign, Christian
ghost-name
local (?) (Arabic?), non-religious
local (?) (Egyptian), non-religious
local (?) (Egyptian?), non-religious
local (?) (Greco-Nubian?), non-religious
local (?) (Greco-Nubian?), non-religious, indicates origin
local (?) (Greco-Nubian?), unknown character
local (?) (Greek or Greco-Nubian?), Christian
local (?) (Greek), non-religious
local (?) (Greek?), Christian (?)
local (?) (Greek?), unknown character
local (?) (Nubian?), Christian (?)
local (?) (Nubian?), female (?), non-religious (?), indicates filiation (?)
local (?) (Nubian?), female (?), unknown character
local (?) (Nubian?), male (?), non-religious (?)
local (?) (Nubian?), male (?), non-religious (?), indicates filiation (?)
local (?) (Nubian?), non-religious
local (?) (Nubian?), unknown character
local (?) (Semito-Nubian?), Christian
local (?) (Semito-Nubian?), Christian (?)
local (?) (Semito-Nubian?), unknown character
local (Arabic), Christian
local (Greco-Egyptian), female, Christian
local (Greco-Nubian), Christian
local (Greco-Nubian), Christian (?)
local (Greco-Nubian), female, Christian
local (Greco-Nubian), male, Christian
local (Greco-Nubian), male, non-religious
local (Greco-Nubian), non-religious
local (Greco-Nubian), unknown character
local (Greco-Semitic), Christian
local (Greco-Semitic), male, Christian
local (Greco?-Nubian), male, unknown character, indicates filiation
local (Greek or Nubian), non-religious
local (Greek) male, unknown character
local (Greek), Christian
local (Greek), Christian (?)
local (Greek), female, Christian
local (Greek), female, non-religious
local (Greek), male, Christian
local (Greek), male, non-religious
local (Greek), non-religious
local (Hebrew), Christian
local (Latino-Nubian), male, Christian
local (Makurian), Christian
local (Makurian), male, Christian
local (Makurian), male, non-religious
local (Makurian), male, unknown character
local (Makurian), non-religious
local (Nubian or Greco-Nubian), male, unknown character
local (Nubian or Greco-Nubian), unknown character
local (Nubian or Semito-Nubian), male, Christian (?)
local (Nubian) or foreign (Arabic)
local (Nubian) or foreign (Aramaic)
local (Nubian) or foreign (Blemmyan/Beja), non-religious
local (Nubian), Christian
local (Nubian), Christian (?)
local (Nubian), female (?), non-religious
local (Nubian), female, non-religious
local (Nubian), female, non-religious, indicates filiation
local (Nubian), male (?), non-religious
local (Nubian), male (?), non-religious, indicates filiation (?)
local (Nubian), male (?), unknown character
local (Nubian), male, Christian
local (Nubian), male, Christian, indicates filiation
local (Nubian), male, non-religious
local (Nubian), male, non-religious, indicates filiation
local (Nubian), male, unknown character
local (Nubian), male, unknown character, indicates filiation
local (Nubian), non-religious
local (Nubian), non-religious, describes physical appearance
local (Nubian), non-religious, indicates origin
local (Nubian), unisex, non-religious
local (Nubian), unknown character
local (Semito-Nubian) male, uncertain character
local (Semito-Nubian), Christian
local (Semito-Nubian), female (?), Christian
local (Semito-Nubian), female, Christian
local (Semito-Nubian), female, Christian, indicates filiation
local (Semito-Nubian), male, Christian
local (Semito-Nubian), male, Christian, indicates filiation
local (Semito-Nubian), unisex, Christian
local (Semito-Nubian: Makurian), male, Christian
local (Semito-Nubian?), Christian
local (Semito-Nubian?), Christian (?)
local (Semito-Nubian?), male, Christian
local (Semito-Nubian?), male, Christian (?)
local (Semito-Nubian?), male, Christian (?), indicates filiation
local (Semito?-Nubian: Makurian), male, Christian
unidentified
unidentified, Christian (?)
Function
civil (?), high-ranking (?)
civil (?), high-ranking (?), local
civil (?), low-ranking (?)
civil (?), low-ranking (?), local (?)
civil (?), mid-ranking (?), local
civil (?), unidentified
civil (or honorific title)
civil, high-ranking
civil, high-ranking (?)
civil, high-ranking (?), local
civil, high-ranking, central
civil, high-ranking, local
civil, low-ranking
civil, low-ranking (?), local
civil, low-ranking, central (?)
civil, low-ranking, local
civil, low-ranking, local (or filiation marker)
civil, mid-ranking
civil, mid-ranking (?)
civil, mid-ranking (?), central
civil, mid-ranking (?), local
civil, mid-ranking, local
ecclesiastic (?), unidentified
ecclesiastic or monastic, unidentified
ecclesiastic, high
ecclesiastic, highest
ecclesiastic, highest (?)
ecclesiastic, lower
ecclesiastic, lower (?)
ecclesiastic, lower, female
ecclesiastic, mid-ranking
ecclesiastic, unidentified
military (?)
military (?), naval
monastic
monastic, high
monastic, highest
monastic, lower
monastic, unidentified
royal (?), female (?)
royal, female
royal, male
uncertain (civil or military)
uncertain (ecclesiastic or civil)
uncertain (monastic, ecclesiastic, or civil)
unidentified (function or title)
Title of address
ecclesiastic, male
lay, male
monastic, female
monastic, male
monastic, male, high
unidentified, male, high (?)
Epithet
civil, high
ecclesiastic, high
excellence, male
modesty, male
patronage, Christian
religious, Christian
religious, Muslim
royal (?)
royal, Christian
royal, Christian or high ecclesiastic
royal, non-religious
special
Family relation
ancestor 1 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 2 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 3 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 4 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 5 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 6 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 7 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 8 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 9 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 10 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 11 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor 12 (m) of so-and-so
ancestor of so-and-so
aunt of so-and-so
brother of so-and-so
child of so-and-so
child-in-law of so-and-so
daughter of so-and-so
descendant 1 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 1 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 2 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 2 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 3 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 3 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 4 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 4 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 5 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 5 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 6 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 6 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 7 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 7 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 8 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 8 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 9 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 9 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 10 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 10 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 11 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 11 (m) of so-and-so
descendant 12 (f) of so-and-so
descendant 12 (m) of so-and-so
descendant of so-and-so
father of so-and-so
granddaughter of so-and-so
grandfather of so-and-so
grandmother of so-and-so
grandparent of so-and-so
grandson of so-and-so
great granddaughter of so-and-so
great grandfather of so-and-so
great grandmother of so-and-so
great grandparent of so-and-so
great grandson of so-and-so
husband of so-and-so
mother of so-and-so
nephew of so-and-so
parent of so-and-so
sibling of so-and-so
sister of so-and-so
son of so-and-so
spouse of so-and-so
uncle of so-and-so
wife of so-and-so
Origin
place (Egypt)
place (Egypt?)
place (Makuria)
place (Nobadia)
place (Nubia)
place (Nubia?)
place (South Arabia)
tribe/clan (Arabic-speaking)
tribe/clan (Nubian?)
Occupation
construction works
crafts
intellectual, Muslim
physical
Social status
owner, female
owner, male
patron, female
patron, male
protégé, female
protégé, male
slave
slave, female
slave, male
Identities
gender
female
male
unknown
religion
Catholic
Christian
Muslim
unknown
ethnic/regional
Alwan
Arabic or Blemmyan/Beja
Arabic-speaking
Blemmyan/Beja
Blemmyan/Beja-Nubian
Egyptian
non-Nubian
Nubian
Nubian: Makurian
Nubian: Nobadian
Nubian or Arabic
Nubian or Blemmyan
family relation
ancestor
aunt
brother
child
child-in-law
daughter
descendant
father
father-in-law
grandchild
granddaughter
grandfather
grandmother
grandparent
grandson
great granddaughter
great grandfather
great grandmother
great grandparent
great grandson
husband
mother
nephew
niece
parent
sibling
sister
son
spouse
uncle
wife
social status
commoner
elite
slave
wealthy
social function
civil officer
civil or military officer
ecclesiastic
ecclesiastic or civil
ecclesiastic/monastic
military officer
monastic
ruling family
working class
physical appearance
Linguistic context
Arabic
Coptic
Greek
Greek/Coptic
Greek/Old Nubian
Old Nubian
Provençal
unidentified
Names
Genealogy
Beja
Blemmyan
Blemmyan/Beja
Blemmyan/Beja-Nubian
Egyptian
Egyptian (Nubianised)
Egypto-Nubian
Greco-Egyptian
Greco-Latin
Greco-Latin (Nubianised)
Greco-Nubian
Greco-Semitic
Greco-Semitic (Egyptianised)
Greco-Semitic (Nubianised)
Greek
Greek (Egyptianised)
Greek (Nubianised)
Greek or Nubian
Hebrew-Arabic (Semitic)
Latin
Latin (Egyptianised)
Latin (Greekised)
Latin (Nubianised)
Latino-Nubian
Nubian
Nubian or Beja
Nubian or Blemmyan/Beja
Nubian or Semitic
Nubian or Semitic: Arabic
Nubian or Semitic: Arabic (Nubianised)
Persian
Persian (Arabised)
Persian (Greekised)
Persian (Nubianised)
Semitic
Semitic (Egyptianised)
Semitic (Greekised)
Semitic (Nubianised)
Semitic: Arabic
Semitic: Arabic (Egyptianised)
Semitic: Arabic (Greekised)
Semitic: Arabic (Nubianised)
Semitic: Arabic or Blemmyan/Beja
Semitic: Arabic or Blemmyan/Beja (Nubianised)
Semitic: Aramaic
Semitic: Aramaic (Arabised)
Semitic: Aramaic (Greekised)
Semitic: Aramaic (Nubianised)
Semitic: Hebrew
Semitic: Hebrew (Arabised)
Semitic: Hebrew (Egyptianised)
Semitic: Hebrew (Greekised)
Semitic: Hebrew (Nubianised)
Semito-Egyptian
Semito-Nubian
unknown
Gender
female
male
unisex
unknown
Structure
compound
simple
unknown
Type
hybrid
monolingual
monolingual with hybrid variants
unknown
Origin
foreign
local
unknown
Character
religious
proper noun
archangel
Biblical: NT
Biblical: OT
feast
God
Holy Trinity
Islamic
Jesus
Mary
saint
common word
adjective
noun
occupation/title/function
participle
verb
combinative
name+adjective
name+noun
name+participle
noun+adjective
noun+noun
noun+participle
noun+verb (sentence)
secular
proper noun
name
toponym
common word
adjective
noun
occupation/title/function
participle
verb
combinative
name+adjective
name+noun
name+participle
noun+adjective
noun+noun
noun+participle
noun+verb (sentence)
unknown
Name variants
Type
hybrid
monolingual
monolingual with hybrid variants
unknown
Genealogy
Beja
Blemmyan
Blemmyan/Beja
Blemmyan/Beja-Nubian
Egyptian
Egyptian (Nubianised)
Egypto-Nubian
Greco-Egyptian
Greco-Latin
Greco-Latin (Nubianised)
Greco-Nubian
Greco-Semitic
Greco-Semitic (Egyptianised)
Greco-Semitic (Nubianised)
Greek
Greek (Egyptianised)
Greek (Nubianised)
Greek or Nubian
Hebrew-Arabic (Semitic)
Latin
Latin (Egyptianised)
Latin (Greekised)
Latin (Nubianised)
Latino-Nubian
Nubian
Nubian or Beja
Nubian or Blemmyan/Beja
Nubian or Semitic
Nubian or Semitic: Arabic
Nubian or Semitic: Arabic (Nubianised)
Persian
Persian (Arabised)
Persian (Greekised)
Persian (Nubianised)
Semitic
Semitic (Egyptianised)
Semitic (Greekised)
Semitic (Nubianised)
Semitic: Arabic
Semitic: Arabic (Egyptianised)
Semitic: Arabic (Greekised)
Semitic: Arabic (Nubianised)
Semitic: Arabic or Blemmyan/Beja
Semitic: Arabic or Blemmyan/Beja (Nubianised)
Semitic: Aramaic
Semitic: Aramaic (Arabised)
Semitic: Aramaic (Greekised)
Semitic: Aramaic (Nubianised)
Semitic: Hebrew
Semitic: Hebrew (Arabised)
Semitic: Hebrew (Egyptianised)
Semitic: Hebrew (Greekised)
Semitic: Hebrew (Nubianised)
Semito-Egyptian
Semito-Nubian
unknown
Notation
abbreviation
monogram
scriptio plena
unfinished form
unknown
Abbreviation
contraction
contraction & shifted letter
contraction & suspension
contraction or suspension
cryptogram
cryptogram & shifted letter
cryptogram & suspension
other
shifted letter
suspension
Orthographic irregularities
consonants
adding of /b/
consonantal apheresis
deletion of initial /h/
deletion of initial /kh/
consonantal apocope
deletion of final /l/
deletion of final /n/
deletion of final /s/
deletion of final /ph/
consonantal gemination
d > dd
k > kk
j > jj
l > ll
m > mm
n > nn
ny > nyny
p > pp
r > rr
s > ss
sh > shsh
t > tt
consonantal interchange
b > p
d > r
d > t
dd > nd
g > k
g > n before g
h > g
k > g
k > ng
kh > g
kh > k
l > n
n > g
n > m
n > ng
ng > g
ng > gg
ng > k
ng > n
ng > n+g
n+k > ng
p > b
p > ph
ph > f
ph > p
r > d
r > l
s > s+h
s > z
sh > s
t > d
t > th
th > t
z > s
deletion of consonant in Inlaut
deletion of consonant in Inlaut (/k/)
deletion of consonant in Inlaut (/l/)
deletion of consonant in Inlaut (/r/)
deletion of consonant in Inlaut (/s/)
deletion of consonant in Inlaut (/th/)
deletion of nasal before /st/
deletion of sigma before dental stop (d)
insertion of nasal before aspirate (n+th)
progressive assimilation
ny+r > nyny
n+ng > nn
regressive assimilation
d+ng > dd
g+k > kk
l+g > gg
l+k > kk
l+n > nn
n+g > gg
n+m > mm
n+ng > ngng
r+l > ll
r+n > nn
r+t > tt
simplification of consonantal geminates
dd > d
gg > g
jj > j
kk > k
ll > l
mm > m
nn > n
ss > s
tt > t
ww > w
vowels
adding of vowel in Anlaut
adding of vowel in Anlaut (/i/)
adding of vowel in Auslaut
adding of vowel in Auslaut (/a/)
adding of vowel in Auslaut (/e/)
adding of vowel in Auslaut (/i/)
adding of vowel in Inlaut
adding of vowel in Inlaut (/a/)
adding of vowel in Inlaut (/e/)
adding of vowel in Inlaut (/i/)
adding of vowel in Inlaut (/o/)
deletion of stressed vowel
deletion of stressed vowel (/a/)
deletion of stressed vowel (/ē/)
deletion of stressed vowel (/i/)
deletion of stressed vowel (/ou/)
deletion of unstressed vowel
deletion of unstressed vowel (/a/)
deletion of unstressed vowel (/e/)
deletion of unstressed vowel (/ē/)
deletion of unstressed vowel (/i/)
deletion of unstressed vowel (/o/)
deletion of unstressed vowel (/ō/)
deletion of unstressed vowel (/ou/)
deletion of vowel
deletion of /a/
deletion of /ē/
deletion of /i/
deletion of /ou/
deletion of /u/
elision (o before a)
simplification of vocalic geminates
ee > e
aa > a
vocalic interchange
a > e
a > ē
a > i
a > (i)
a > o
a > ō
a > ou
a > u
ai > e
au > a
au > auw
e > a
e > ei
e > ē
e > i
e > o
e > ou
e > u
ei > e
ē > a
ē > e
i > a
i > e
i > (i)
(i) > o
(i) > ou
/i/ as (i)
o > a
o > e
o > i
o > ou
o > ō
/o/ as ō
ou > a
ou > ei
ou > i
ou > (i)
ou > o
ou > ō
ou > u
ou > w
/ou/ as w
ou > ouw
ō > a
ō > o
ō > ou
u > ai
u > e
u > o
u > w
w > u
iotacism
ei > ē
ei > i
ei > eu
ē > ei
ē > e(i)
ē > i
ē > (i)
ē > u
i > ei
i > e(i)
i > ē
i > u
(i) > ei
(i) > e(i)
(i) > ē
(i) > u
oi > i
oi > u
u > ei
u > ē
u > i
u > (i)
/i/ as ei
/i/ as e(i)
/i/ as eu
/i/ as ē
/i/ as u
vocalic apheresis
deletion of initial /a/
deletion of initial /e/
deletion of initial /i/
vocalic apocope
deletion of final /a/
deletion of final /i/
deletion of final /u/
vocalic gemination
a > aa
e > ee
i > ii
o > oo
ou > ouou
vocalic syncope
deletion of /a/
deletion of /i/
deletion of /u/
other phenomena
adding of intervocalic hori
adding of syllable in Auslaut (-os)
adding of syllable in Auslaut (-ta)
change of declension pattern
deletion of syllable in Anlaut
deletion of syllable in Auslaut
deletion of syllable in Inlaut
dropping of final /l/
dropping of flectional ending
dropping of genitival -(i)n-
final /a/
final /i/
final /l/
final /o/
final /ou/
genitive for nominative
hypocoristic
metathesis
ri > ir
ir > ri
it > ti
pa > ap
spiritus as hori
vocative for nominative
People
Gender
man
woman